Depolluting coating composition

ABSTRACT

The invention is a coating composition comprising photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles, an opacifying agent, a silicone compound, de-HNO 3  particles, styrene resin hollow microspheres, and a solvent. The combination of a silicone compound and styrene resin hollow microspheres in a depolluting coating composition results in improved opacity and durability compared to conventional coatings.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an improved coating composition useful for theformation of a depolluting and/or antifouling coating on the surface ofa substrate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional methods for making the surface of materials soil cleaningcomprises treating the surface to confer the ability to remove stains orsoils deposited on the surface. In other methods, excellent oxidativedegradation activity of a photocatalyst fixed onto the surface isutilized to degrade organic matter or stains or soils deposited on thesurface and also any gaseous pollution which comes into contact with thesurface.

In particular, heterogeneous photocatalysis has efficiently been usedfor oxidizing and thereby removing unwanted compounds from fluids,including water, and air. Thus, UV-illuminated catalyst, such astitanium dioxide, absorbs UV light, which produces electrons and holesthat migrate to the surface of the catalyst. At the surface, theelectrons reduce adsorbed oxygen, while the holes oxidize organiccompounds or adsorbed water molecules.

However, satisfactory depolluting properties may not be provided withonly such a single photocatalytic coating composition for a longlifetime i.e. over 5 years.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide acoating composition which, independently of environment, such as indooror outdoor environment, can semi-permanently and in a single coatingexhibits excellent surface depolluting properties, particularlyexcellent soil cleaning activity against greasy stains, includingmildew, mold, algae or soils.

For various reasons, including cost and desired properties, there isalways a need to develop new and better depolluting coatingcompositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a coating composition comprising photocatalytictitanium dioxide particles, an opacifying agent, a silicone compound,de-HNO₃ particles, styrene resin hollow microspheres, and a solvent. Thecoating compositions demonstrate unexpectedly improved opacity anddurability compared to coatings that do not contain a combination of asilicone compound and styrene resin hollow microspheres.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The coating composition of the invention comprises photocatalytictitanium dioxide particles. In the present invention, the term“photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles” as used herein refers totitanium dioxide particles which, when exposed to light of anywavelength, can cause excitation (photoexcitation) of electrons in thevalence band to produce conduction band electrons and leaving holes inthe valence band.

The photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles may be any type oftitanium dioxide. Preferably, the photocatalytic titanium dioxideparticles are anatase, rutile or mixtures thereof. Most preferably, thephotocatalytic titanium dioxide particles are predominantly anatase, asdetermined by X-ray diffraction patterns. By predominantly anatase, itis meant that the nanoparticles are at least 80 percent anatase, andmost preferably greater than 95 percent anatase. The anatase form oftitanium dioxide is especially preferred for its higher photoactivity.The photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles may be preferably modifiedby the addition of other elements from the periodic table to enhancephotoactivity at longer wavelengths and into the visible part of thespectrum.

The crystalline anatase titanium dioxide particles preferably have amean particle size of between 2 and 100 nm, more preferably between 5and 50 nm, and most preferably between 5 and 40 nm. The diameters may bemeasured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and also X-raydiffraction (XRD).

Preferably, the photocatalytic particles have a high surface area ofgreater than 30 m²/g, more preferably above 50 m²/g, and most preferablygreater than about 100 m²/g, as measured by the BET method.

Suitable photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles may be purchased fromMillennium Inorganic Chemicals Ltd. (PC series of products), DegussaCorporation (e.g., Aeroxide® P25), Sachtleben Chemie GmbH (e.g.,Hombikat UV100), Tayca Corporation (e.g., AMT-600), or IshiharaCorporation (ST series of products). The photocatalytic titanium dioxideparticles may also be prepared by any process known in the art.Processes for preparing photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles arewell known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,338, whichis incorporated herein by reference.

The photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles are preferably present inan amount of from 0.5 to 20%, more preferably 1 to 15%, and mostpreferably 1 to 12%, by weight of total weight of the composition.

The photocatalytic titanium oxide particles may be introduced in thecomposition as a sol prepared by dispersion in a dispersant, as awater-or solvent-containing paste, or as a powder. Preferred examples ofthe dispersant used to prepare a sol include water, alcohols such asmethanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, and ketonessuch as methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone.

The coating composition of the invention also comprises an opacifyingagent. The opacifying agent suitable for the invention includes anyorganic or inorganic compound that is able to provide hiding power tothe coating, including pigments, colorants and/or fillers. Morepreferably, the opacifying agent is titanium dioxide. Pigmentarytitanium dioxide preferably has a particle size in the range of from 0.2to 0.5 μm, thus is significantly larger in particle size compared to thephotocatalytic titanium dioxide particles. Titanium dioxide pigmentswhich have had their photoactivity reduced by surface treatment aredisclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,099. Suitablecommercially available titanium dioxide pigment includes Tionae 595 (aproduct of Millennium Inorganic Chemicals Ltd.) or any pigmentarytitanium dioxide recommended for applications in latex or emulsionpaints.

The pigmentary titanium dioxide may be untreated titanium dioxide.However, it is preferably a coated titanium dioxide that has beentreated with at least one inorganic oxide coating, such as aluminumoxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, and the like. Processes todeposit metal oxides onto a titanium dioxide are well known to thoseskilled in the art. Preferably, the metal oxides are added by wettreatment or by gas-phase deposition. Suitable wet treatment techniquesare taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,767,455, 4,052,223, and 6,695,906, theteachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Suitablegas-phase deposition techniques are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,562,764and 6,852,306, the teachings of which are incorporated herein byreference.

A silicon dioxide coating on the surface of the pigmentary titaniumdioxide is formed by the addition of a silica compound. Suitable silicacompounds include water soluble alkali metal silicates. Preferred alkalimetal silicates include sodium silicate, potassium silicate and thelike. Most preferably, the silica compound is sodium silicate. Azirconium dioxide coating is formed by the addition of a zirconiacompound. Zirconia compounds suitable for use in the present inventioninclude the acidic salts of zirconia such as zirconium oxychloride,zirconyl sulphate and the like. Most preferably, the zirconia compoundis zirconium oxychloride or zirconyl sulphate. Similarly hydrous formsof alumina or aluminium hydroxides may be precipitated from salts suchas aluminium sulphate or sodium aluminate, typically in the range of 0.5to 10%.

Additionally, the coated titanium dioxide pigment may be treated withpolyalcohols such as trimethylolethane and trimethylolpropane,alkanolamines such as triethanolamine, phosphates, and mixtures thereof.Preferably, the phosphate compound is formed from a water solublephosphate compound, such as for example, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate,sodium polyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Tetron), sodiumtripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate(Calgon), phosphoric acid, and the like. Most preferably, the watersoluble phosphate compound is sodium hexametaphosphate.

In one example, the titanium dioxide may first be treated with thedeposition of a phosphate compound to form a contiguous layer on thebase TiO₂, followed by the deposition of a dense silica compoundcontiguous with the phosphate deposit, optionally a second deposition ofa phosphate compound contiguous with the dense silica compound, andfinally the deposition of an alumina compound. Alternatively, thetitanium dioxide may be coated with a zirconia compound instead of thesilica compound.

The weight percent of phosphate can vary depending on the layerdeposited on the titanium dioxide base. If the phosphate is deposited asthe first layer on the titanium dioxide, the phosphate is deposited inan amount of from about 0.05% to about 1.0%, more preferably from about0.05% to about 0.75% and most preferably, from about 0.05% to about 0.5%based upon the weight of titanium dioxide base. The weight percentsilica deposited is preferably in an amount of from about 0.5% to about15% by weight of silica based on the total weight of the titaniumdioxide base. Preferably, zirconium dioxide is deposited in an amount offrom about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight of zirconium dioxide based onthe total weight of the titanium dioxide base.

The amount of opacifying agent in the coating composition is preferably0.05 to 25 percent, and more preferably 0.1 to 15 percent, by weight(expressed in dry matter) of the total weight of the coatingcomposition.

The coating composition of the invention also comprises a siliconecompound. The silicone compound is any material based on silica ormixture thereof, which is able to provide a silicone based-filmconvenient for coating.

Preferably, the silicone compound includes at least one polysiloxanederivative. Preferred polysiloxanes have the formula:

wherein n is from about 10 to 2000, and R₁ and R₂ are C₁₋₂₀ alkyl oraryl groups. Illustrative R₁ and R₂ radicals are alkyl groups (e.g. ,methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, octyl), cycloaklyl groups(e.g., cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl), alkenyl groups (e.g., vinyl, hexenyl,allyl), aryl groups (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, diphenyl)aralkyl groups (e.g., benzyl, phenylethyl), any of the foregoing groupsin which some or all of the hydrogens bonded to the carbons have beensubstituted (such as with halogen atoms or cyano), or groups substitutedwith or containing, for example, amino groups, ether groups (—O—),carbonyl groups (—CO—), carboxyl groups (—COOH) or sulfonyl groups(—SO₂—) (e.g., chloromethyl, trifluoropropyl, 2-cyanbethyl, 3-cyanopropyl).

Suitable polysiloxanes include Silrese® BS 45 (a product ofWACKER-Chemie GmbH).

The amount of silicone compound in the coating composition is preferably0.05 to 20 percent, and more preferably 0.1 to 16 percent, by dry weighton the total weight of the coating composition. An organic polymer maybe optionally added in addition to the silicone compound. Suitableorganic polymers include acrylic polymers, polyvinyl acetates, andstyrene-butadienes. Acrylic polymers include the polymers and copolymersof acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, the esters of acrylic acid andmethacrylic acid, and acrylonitrile, including styrene-acrylic resins.

The coating composition of the invention also comprises de-HNO₃particles. The de-HNO₃ particles are any material that is capable ofremoving the oxidized species HNO₃, formed photocatalytically from NOx.

Suitable de-HNO₃ particles include basic compounds, in particular anyinsoluble carbonates such as calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate,magnesium carbonate and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the de-HNO₃particles include calcium carbonate. The amount of de-HNO₃ particles inthe coating composition is preferably 0.05 to 40 percent, and morepreferably 0.1 to 15 percent, by weight (expressed in dry matter) of thetotal weight of the coating composition.

The ratio of de-HNO₃ particles/photocatalytic particles is preferablyfrom 0.01 to 50, more preferably from 0.1 to 20, and most preferablyfrom 0.2 to 5.

The coating composition of the invention also comprises styrene resinhollow microspheres. The hollow resin microspheres have a cavity insideand typically have an outside diameter of less than 10 μm. Preferably,the microspheres have an outside diameter in a range of from about 0.1μm to about 2 μm, more preferably from about 0.2 μm to about 1 μm.Suitable styrene resins for the hollow resin microspheres includepolystyrene, poly-α-methylstyrene, and styrene-acrylic copolymer resins.Styrene-acrylic copolymer resins are particularly preferred.

Suitable styrene resin hollow microspheres include Ropaque® Ultra-E (aproduct of Rohm and Haas) and Dow® HS 3000NA.

The amount of styrene resin hollow microspheres in the composition ispreferably 0.1% to 20% percent, and more preferably 2 to 15 percent, byweight (expressed in dry matter) of the total weight of the coatingcomposition.

The coating composition of the invention also comprises a solvent.Suitable solvents include water, an organic solvent, and a mixed solventcomposed of water and an organic solvent. Water and a high boiling pointesters, ethers or diols are particularly preferred, the latter organicsolvents being known as coalescents or coalescing solvents.

The coating composition of the invention may optionally comprise othercompounds, provided such an addition does not compromise the shelf life,UV durability, or depolluting properties of the resulting coating.

Examples of such additional compounds include filler (s) like quartz,calcite, clay, talc, barite and/or Na-Al-silicate; dispersants likepolyphosphates, polyacrylates, phosphonates, naphthene and ligninsulfonates; wetting agents like anionic, cationic, amphoteric andnon-ionic surfactants; defoamers like silicon emulsions, hydrocarbons,and long-chain alcohols; stabilizers like mostly cationic compounds;coalescing agents like alkali-stable esters, glycols, hydrocarbons;rheological additives like cellulose derivatives (carboxymethylcelluloseCMC, hydroxyethylcellulose HEC), xanthan gum, polyurethane,polyacrylate, modified starch, bentone and other lamellar silicates;water repellents like alkyl siliconates, siloxanes, wax emulsion, fattyacid Li salts and conventional fungicide or biocide.

Of course, none of the additives should be saponifiable or otherwiseunstable to the alkalinity of the finished coating (pH values about 7.5to 10).

A photocatalytically active coated substrate is formed by a processwhich comprises depositing the coating composition on a substratematerial by contacting the surface of the substrate material with thecoating composition. The coating composition of the present inventionmay be applied onto the surface of the substrate material by anysuitable method. Examples of suitable methods include spray coating, dipcoating, flow coating, spin coating, roll coating, brush coating, andsponge coating.

The coating composition after the application onto the surface of thesubstrate is then fixed, generally by drying or curing to form anorganic/inorganic layer, generally in the form of a thin film. The term“drying or curing” used herein means that the binders contained in thecomposition, according to the present invention, are converted to afilm. Preferably, drying is performed by air drying. Advantageously, theforming of the coating does not require thermal treatment at hightemperatures, e.g. 50-450° C. for several hours.

The coating composition of the present invention may be applied on thesurface of various substrate materials. Suitable substrate materialsinclude, but are not limited to, metals, ceramics, glasses, woods,stones, cements, concretes, and combinations of the above materials andlaminates of the above materials. Specific examples to which thecomposition may be applied include housing and building materials;exterior of the buildings; interior of the buildings; sashes; glass;structural materials; exterior of machines and articles; dustproofcovers and coatings; and films, sheets and seals.

The following examples merely illustrate the invention. Those skilled inthe art will recognize many variations that are within the spirit of theinvention and scope of the claims.

EXAMPLE 1 Coating Compositions

Various coating compositions are prepared using the following materials:(a) PC105M photocatalytic titanium dioxide from Millennium InorganicChemicals; (b) Tiona® 595 pigmentary titanium dioxide from MillenniumInorganic Chemicals; (c) calcium carbonate—Snowcal 60 from Omya Ltd.;(d) hydroxy ethyl cellulose—Natrosol® 250 MR from Hercules Incorporated;(e) antifoam—Foamaster® NXZ from Cognis Corp.; (f) sodium salt of apolyacrylic acid—Adiprex N40 from Ciba Speciality Chemicals; (g)polysiloxane polymer latex—Silres® BS45 from Wacker Chemie GmbH; (h)styrene-acrylic emulsion polymer —Acronal® 290D from BASF AG; (i)styrene-acrylic resin hollow microspheres—Ropaque® Ultra E from RohmHaas Company; (j) 2,2,4 trimethyl-1,3 pentanediolmonoisobutyrate—Texanol® from Eastman Chemical Company; (k)fungicide—Acticide® SPX from Thor Specialities.

The coatings are prepared using a Dispermat® AE01M high-speed dispersermanufactured by VMA Getzmann GMBH. The dispersion is carried out in a500 mL stainless steel vessel at 3,000 rpm with a 50 mm diameterdispersion impeller.

Foamaster NXZ antifoam and Adiprex N40 are added to an aqueous solutionof Natrosol 250MR (3% solution in water) under low speed stirring at 500rpm. Then, the PC105M, Tiona 595 and Snowcal 60 are added withincreasing speed up to 3,000 rpm. The pigments are dispersed for 10minutes and then the speed is reduced to 1,000 RPM before adding waterfollowed by the Acronal 290D emulsion polymer or the Silres BS45polysiloxane polymer, Texanol, and Acticide SPX. For paints containingstyrene-acrylic resin hollow microspheres, the Ropaque Ultra E is addedlast. The paint is stirred for a further 5 minutes at 1,000 RPM and thentransferred to a suitable sealed container.

The compositions of Coatings 1-8 are shown in Table 1.

Comparative Coating #1 is a 40% pigment volume concentration (PVC)coating containing polysiloxane, but no Ropaque Ultra E styrene resinhollow microspheres. Coating #2 is a 40% PVC coating containingpolysiloxane and Ropaque Ultra E.

Comparative Coating #3 is a 60% PVC coating containing polysiloxane, butno Ropaque Ultra E. Coating #4 is a 60% PVC coating containingpolysiloxane and Ropaque Ultra E.

Comparative Coating #5 is a 40% PVC coating that contains Arconal 290D(a styrene acrylic latex polymer) in place of the polysiloxane, but doesnot contain Ropaque Ultra E. Comparative Coating #6 is a 40% PVC coatingthat contains Arconal 290D in place of the polysiloxane, and alsocontains Ropaque Ultra E.

Comparative Coating #7 is a 60% PVC coating that contains Arconal 290Din place of the polysiloxane, but does not contain Ropaque Ultra E.Comparative Coating #8 is a 60% PVC coating that contains Arconal 290Din place of the polysiloxane, and also contains Ropaque Ultra E.

EXAMPLE 2 Coating Durability Test

Coatings 1-8 are tested for durability by preparing coatings onstainless steel panels and exposing them to simulated weatheringconditions in a weathering machine. The amount of weight that thecoating loses during the exposure is a measure of its durability.

The stainless steel panels (75×150 mm; 0.75mm thick) are weighed to0.0001 g before and after application of the paint film in order tocalculate the weight of the coating. The panels are coated by anyconvenient means including brushing, spraying, spinning or by spiral rodapplicator. Only the surface to be exposed is coated. The dry filmthickness is typically in the range of 20 to 50 microns.

The coatings are left to dry for 7 days before exposure in theWeatherometer, an Atlas Ci65A Weather-Ometer® made by Atlas ElectricDevices, Chicago. The light source is a 6.5 kW Xenon source emitting 0.5W/m² UV at 340 nm. The black panel temperature is 63° C., water spray isapplied for 18 minutes out of every 120 minutes, and there is no darkcycle. The results are shown in Table 2.

The results demonstrate that coatings based on polysiloxane are moredurable than those based on a conventional styrene acrylic polymer(Arconal 290D). It is also shown that the addition of styrene resinhollow microspheres (Ropaque Ultra E) results in much lower percentageweight loss over time for polysiloxane-based coatings as compared to theconventional styrene acrylic polymer-based resins. In fact, Coating #2at 40% PVC shows a weight loss that is lower than, or at worst equal to,Coating #1 that does not contain styrene resin hollow microspheres.

EXAMPLE 3 Opacity Test

The opacity of Coatings 1-8 is determined by measuring the scatteringcoefficient (measured in mils⁻¹). Paints films are prepared by drawingdown a coating with a spiral wound applicator on Melinex® clearpolyester film (having a thickness of 30 to 40 microns) to a dry filmthickness of approximately 25 microns. The reflectances of the coatingare measured using a Byk-Gardner Color-view® spectophotometer, firstwith the film in contact with a white tile and second in contact with ablack tile. Good optical contact is made between the paint film and thetile by applying a coating of a liquid with the same refractive index asthe polyester film, such as Shellsol T (a product of Shell Chemicals).

The film thickness of the coating is then determined by cutting out anarea of paint film of approximately 15 cm², corresponding to the samearea on which the reflectances are determined. The coating pluspolyester substrate is then weighed to within 0.1 mg. The coating isthen removed from the substrate by immersion and cleaning in acetone andthe weight of the polyester film is determined. The difference betweenthe two weights is the weight of the paint film. The film thickness ofthe coating is determined from its weight, its known area, and thedensity of the coating. The scattering coefficients are then calculatedusing Kubela-Monk equations. The results are shown in Table 3.

The results demonstrate that the combination of polysiloxane and styreneresin hollow microspheres unexpectedly results in a significant increasein opacity compared to systems based on the conventional styrene acrylicpolymer-based resins.

EXAMPLE 4 DeNOx Test

Coatings 1-4 are tested for their ability to remove NOx by the followingprocedure. The paint films, prepared as in Example 3, are firstirradiated with 0.5 W/m² UV at 340 nm for 7 days using a filtered Xenonlight source (Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci65A) before carrying out the test.This either activates or increases the activity of the coatings over andabove the unexposed coatings.

The NO_(x) that is used in the tests is NO at 450 ppb in nitrogen mixedwith an equal volume of air at 50% humidity to give 225 ppb NO. NOx ismeasured using a Monitor Europe ML® 9841 Nitrogen Oxides Analyzer. Forthe NO_(x) measurements, the samples are irradiated with a UVfluorescent tube which emits 10 W/m² UV in the range of 300- 400 nm.

The paint film sample is placed in the test chamber of the nitrogenoxides analyzer and the chamber is sealed. NO test gas is flowed intothe test chamber and the initial value of NOx in the chamber isanalyzed. The UV lamp is then turned on and the irradiated sample isallowed to reach equilibrium (typically up to 3 minutes) before thefinal value of NOx in the chamber is analyzed. The % NOx removal iscalculated by the (initial value−final value)/initial value*100. Theresults are shown in Table 4.

The results show that the coatings that contain Ropaque are activetoward NOx, although their effectiveness has been reduced compared tocoatings that do not contain Ropaque.

TABLE 1 COATING FORMULATIONS Coating # Component 1* 2 3* 4 5* 6* 7* 8*Tiona ® 595 14.58 10.29 12.62 8.91 14.58 10.29 12.62 8.91 (wt. %) PC 1059.71 6.85 8.42 5.94 9.71 6.85 8.42 5.94 (wt. %) Snowcal 60 9.84 6.9519.88 14.03 9.84 6.95 19.88 14.03 (wt. %) 3% Natrosol 16.63 11.74 16.6711.76 16.63 11.74 16.67 11.76 250MR (wt. %) Adiprex N40 0.7 0.5 0.610.43 0.7 0.5 0.61 .43 (wt. %) Ropaque — 29.42 — 29.42 — 29.42 — 29.42(wt. %) Polymer¹ 31.49 22.23 18.17 12.83 31.49 22.23 18.17 12.83 (wt. %)Texanol 1.57 1.11 .91 .64 1.57 1.11 .91 .64 (wt. %) Water 15.29 10.9322.52 15.84 15.29 10.93 22.52 15.84 (wt. %) Acticide 0.2 0.2 0.2 .02 0.20.2 0.2 .02 (wt. %) *Comparative Example ¹Polymer is polysiloxanepolymer latex (Silres BS45) for coatings 1, 2, 3, & 4 andstyrene-acrylic emulsion polymer (Acronal 290D) for coatings 5, 6, 7 &9.

TABLE 2 DURABILITY RESULTS Weight Loss (%) at time Coating 580 h 1096 h2051 h 4040 h 6072 h 7981 h 1* 12.3 13.2 14.2 15.7 16.7 17.4 2  6.8 8.410.1 14 16.1 18.2 3* 8.5 10.4 14 21.3 28.6 38.7 4  7.3 11.5 17.1 42.180.4 >100 5* 20.4 30.8 40.9 64.3 >100 >100 6* 22.7 34.1 4680.7 >100 >100 7* 28.4 40.6 50.4 77.5 >100 >100 8* 37 53.671.7 >100 >100 >100 *Comparative Example

TABLE 3 OPACITY RESULTS Scattering Coefficient Coating (mil⁻¹) 1* 5.7 2 11.1 3* 7.9 4  11.2 5* 4.1 6* 4.6 7* 3.9 8* 9.6 *Comparative Example

TABLE 4 DeNOx RESULTS - Percentage Reduction in NO Coating 7-Day AtlasExposure 1* 44.6 2  8.8 3* 85.5 4  45.6 *Comparative Example

1. A coating composition comprising: (a) photocatalytic titanium dioxideparticles; (b) an opacifying agent; (c) a silicone compound; (d) de-HNO₃particles; (e)styrene resin hollow microspheres; and (f) a solvent. 2.The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the photocatalytic titaniumdioxide particles are anatase, rutile or mixtures thereof.
 3. Thecoating composition of claim 1 wherein the photocatalytic titaniumdioxide particles are predominantly anatase.
 4. The coating compositionof claim 3 wherein photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles have a meanparticle size of between 2 and 100 nm.
 5. The coating composition ofclaim 1 wherein the photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles arepresent in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 20%, by weight of the totalcomposition.
 6. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein theopacifying agent is pigmentary titanium dioxide.
 7. The coatingcomposition of claim 1 wherein the silicone compound is a polysiloxane.8. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the de-HNO₃ particles areselected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate,magnesium carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
 9. The coating composition ofclaim 1 wherein the de-HNO₃ particles are calcium carbonate.
 10. Thecoating composition of claim 1 wherein the styrene resin hollowmicrospheres are selected from the group consisting of polystyrene,poly-α-methylstyrene, and styrene-acrylic copolymer resins.
 11. Thecoating composition of claim 1 wherein the styrene resin hollowmicrospheres are styrene-acrylic copolymer resins.
 12. The coatingcomposition of claim 1 wherein the solvent comprises water.
 13. Thecoating composition of claim 1 further comprising an organic polymer.14. The coating composition of claim 13 wherein the organic polymer isselected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers, polyvinylacetates, and styrene-butadienes.